During his time in office, he was a strong promoter of culture and implemented a range of costly "Grands Projets". When François Mitterrand's Vichy past was exposed in the 1950s, he at first denied having received the Francisque (some sources say he was designated for the award, but never received the medal because he went into hiding before the ceremony took place). nécessaire]. The Communists remained the largest left-wing group with 22.5% of votes. As leader of the RGR list, he led a very anti-communist campaign. [80] Several large architectural works were pursued, in what would become known as the Grands Projets of François Mitterrand with the building of the Louvre Pyramid, the Channel Tunnel, the Grande Arche at La Défense, the Bastille Opera, the Finance Ministry in Bercy, and the National Library of France. A decree of January 1982 provided for "solidarity contracts" whereby firms would be subsidised for introducing part-time work or early retirement if they also allowed the creation of new jobs, while a decree of March 1982 provided employees with the right to retire at the age of 60 on 50% of average earnings during their 10 best years of employment. Arriving in Paris in autumn 1934, he then went to the École Libre des Sciences Politiques until 1937, where he obtained his diploma in July of that year. As leader of the progressive wing of the UDSR, he took the head of the party in 1953, replacing the conservative René Pleven. Allowances for the handicapped were improved, while improvements were also made in the pay and conditions for those serving in the army. She died on January 7, 2018 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France. "[103], The court's judgement revealed that François Mitterrand was motivated by keeping elements of his private life secret from the general public, such as the existence of his illegitimate daughter Mazarine Pingeot (which the writer Jean-Edern Hallier, was threatening to reveal), his cancer which had been diagnosed in 1981, and the elements of his past in the Vichy Régime which were not already public knowledge. [66] Numerous initiatives were carried out such as the teaching of civics, the reintroduction of the teaching of French history and geography at the primary level, the introduction of new professional degrees, a partnership between schools and enterprises, and the introduction of computers in classrooms. [96] At the same time, a special postage stamp was released in their honour. En 1996, le prix Nord-Sud « a été remis à Danielle Mitterrand, présidente de la fondation France Libertés, pour ses prises de position en faveur de la protection des droits de la personne et, de manière symbolique, aux femmes algériennes, pour leur lutte quotidienne pour la liberté »[29]. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. The RGR was an electoral entity composed of the Radical Party, the centrist Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance, UDSR) and several conservative groupings. The court judged that certain people were tapped for "obscure" reasons, such as Carole Bouquet's companion, a lawyer with family in the Middle East, Edwy Plenel, a journalist for le Monde who covered the Rainbow Warrior story and the Vincennes Three affair, and the lawyer Antoine Comte. This division caused the election of the Gaullist candidate. The government agreed at the same time to improve the pension position of some public sector employees and to increase the real value of the minimum pension. Educational programmes were implemented to help immigrant communities, while immigrants were allowed the right to free association. Die Dokumente zeigen: Frankreich hat das schnelle Ende der Mark erzwungen. He is the only French President to ever have named a female Prime Minister, Édith Cresson, in 1991. The court declared "Les faits avaient été commis sur ordre soit du président de la République, soit des ministres de la Défense successifs qui ont mis à la disposition de (Christian Prouteau) tous les moyens de l'État afin de les exécuter" (translation: these actions were committed following orders from the French President or his various Defence Ministers who gave Christian Prouteau full access to the state machinery so he could execute the orders) The court stated that François Mitterrand was the principal instigator of the wire taps (l'inspirateur et le décideur de l'essentiel) and that he had ordered some of the taps and turned a blind eye to others and that none of the 3000 wiretaps carried out by the cell were legally obtained. He pushed a socially liberal agenda with reforms such as the abolition of the death penalty, the 39-hour work week, and the end of a government monopoly in radio and television broadcasting. Son père, Antoine Gouze (1885-1958), est principal de collège. But with 38% of votes, de Gaulle's Union for the Fifth Republic remained the leading French party.[47]. As Minister of Justice, he had a role in 45 executions of the Algerian natives, recommending President Rene Coty to reject clemency in 80% of the cases, an action he later came to regret. Furthermore, François Mitterrand was a lone figure, so he did not appear as a danger to the left-wing parties' staff members. François Mitterrand became involved in the social organisation for the POWs in the camp. We cannot build pride upon a lie.[28][29]. He appeared as a possible future Prime Minister. Elle a également proposé de redéfinir la notion de richesse, grâce à la mise en place de nouveaux indicateurs de richesse basés sur d’autres critères que la richesse-argent : les richesses naturelles, l'éducation, ou encore, la transmission des savoirs. Responding to a democratic movement in Africa after the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, he made his La Baule speech in June 1990 which tied development aid to democratic efforts from former French colonies, and during which he opposed the devaluation of the CFA Franc. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was against a German reunification[90] and also against the then discussed Maastricht Treaty. [93], African heads of state themselves reacted to François Mitterrand's speech at most with indifference. Elle reste active entre la fin du mandat de son époux, en 1995, et la mort de celui-ci, en 1996. He furthermore had some personal and family relations with members of the Cagoule, a far-right terrorist group in the 1930s. In the spring of 1943, along with Gabriel Jeantet, a member of Marshal Pétain's cabinet, and Simon Arbellot (both former members of La Cagoule), François Mitterrand received the Order of the Francisque (the honorific distinction of the Vichy Regime). His drive to preserve French power in Africa led to controversies concerning Paris' role during the Rwandan genocide.[86]. "Ce n'est pas la mort qui me fait peur, c'est de ne plus vivre", disait-il. Despite François Mitterrand's left-wing affiliations, the 1980s saw France becoming more distant from the USSR, especially following events such as the expulsion of 47 Soviet diplomats and their families from the country in 1982 after they were accused of large-scale industrial and military espionage. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand[a] (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. Pierre de Bénouville said, "François Mitterrand created a true spy network in the POW camps which gave us information, often decisive, about what was going on behind the German borders. François Mitterrand also sharply criticized the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan as well as the country's nuclear weapons buildup. [64], In the field of education, more resources were devoted to the educational system, with the education budgets of 1982, 1983, and 1984 increased by approximately 4% to 6% per year above the rate of inflation. 7 members of the President's anti-terrorist unit were condemned and François Mitterrand was designated as the "inspirator and essentially the controller of the operation. President of the General Council of Nièvre: 1964–1981 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1981). The network of regional lending libraries was significantly reinforced, while financial assistance was provided for the export of French books. Paris - mai 1974 - Sur un marché, derrière un étal de fruits, un bouquet de fleurs et un sac à la main, vêtue d'une... Mary Quant Spring Summer 1971 Collection In The Streets Of London. François Mitterrand thus continued with the African policy of de Gaulle inaugurated in 1960, which followed the relative failure of the 1958 creation of the French Community. Sa sœur aînée, Christine Gouze, lui présente au sein de leur réseau de Résistance, au début de l'année 1944, « François Morland » (nom de code de François Mitterrand). As Overseas Minister (1950–1951), François Mitterrand opposed the colonial lobby to propose a reform program. In his memoirs, he says that he had started this organisation while he was still officially working for the Vichy Regime. François Mitterrand projected a reassuring image with the slogan "the quiet force". Four centre-right politicians joined the cabinet. Following his death, a controversy erupted when his former physician, Dr Claude Gubler, wrote a book called Le Grand Secret ("The Grand Secret") explaining that François Mitterrand had false health reports published since November 1981, hiding his cancer. In addition, archaeology, ethnography and historical buildings and monuments all benefited from the general increase in resources.[54]. Years later in 1965, when François Mitterrand emerged as the challenger to de Gaulle in the second round of the presidential elections, de Gaulle was urged by an aide to use the Observatory Affair to discredit his opponent. It was abandoned and Mauroy resigned in July 1984. . He ended the cordon sanitaire of the PCF which the party had been subject to since 1947. En 1993, elle critique publiquement la politique d'immigration du ministre de l'Intérieur Charles Pasqua. [38] Thus the RNPG was listed in the French Force organization from spring 1944. It also financed, armed and trained Habyrimana's Presidential Guard. In 1983, legislation was passed to encourage greater equality in the private sector. [42] François Mitterrand's role in confirming the death sentences of FLN rebels convicted by French courts of terrorism and later in abolishing the death penalty in 1981 led the British writer Anthony Daniels (writing under his pseudonym of Theodore Dalrymple) to accuse François Mitterrand of being an unprincipled opportunist, a cynical politician who proudly confirmed death sentences of FLN terrorists in the 1950s when it was popular and who only came to champion abolishing the death penalty when this was popular with the French people.[43]. Cultural Center. Chirac mostly handled domestic policy while François Mitterrand concentrated on his "reserved domain" of foreign affairs and defence. His foreign and defense policies built on those of his Gaullist predecessors. He promoted his movement to the British and American Authorities, but he was sent to Algiers, where he met de Gaulle, by then the uncontested leader of the Free French. He also dissolved the Cour de sûreté, a special high court, and enacted a massive regularization of illegal immigrants. Nonetheless, François Mitterrand's regular annual tributes went beyond the marking by his predecessors of exceptional occasions, and offended sensibilities at a time when France was re-examining its role in the Holocaust. He held various offices in the Fourth Republic as a Deputy and as a Minister (holding eleven different portfolios in total), including as a mayor of Château-Chinon from 1959 to 1981. Durant la période 1940-1942, sa famille héberge régulièrement dans la clandestinité les membres du réseau de Résistance Combat, dont notamment son dirigeant, Henri Frenay. Oui, j’ai applaudi l’, « a été remis à Danielle Mitterrand, présidente de la fondation. Danielle Mitterrand, née Gouze le 29 octobre 1924 à Verdun (Meuse) et morte le 22 novembre 2011 à Paris, est l'épouse de François Mitterrand, président de la République française de 1981 à 1995. Controversy surrounding the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was intense after American researcher Robert Gallo and French scientist Luc Montagnier both claimed to have discovered it. Morland n'est autre que François Mitterrand. 3000 conversations concerning 150 people (7 for reasons judged to be contestable by the ensuing court process) were recorded between January 1983 and March 1986 by this anti terrorist cell at the Elysée Palace. For his third candidacy for presidency, François Mitterrand was not supported by the PCF but only by the PS. Among them was François Mitterrand, when they came face to face, de Gaulle is said to have muttered: "You again!" Nonprofit Organization. [59] Nevertheless, compared to the OECD average, fiscal policy in France remained relatively expansionary during the course of the two François Mitterrand presidencies. [109] Admiral Pierre Lacoste, the former head of the DGSE, made a statement saying Pereira's death weighed heavily on his conscience. The illegal wiretapping was revealed in 1993 by Libération; the case against members of the cell went to trial in November 2004.[101][102]. L'ex-première dame française Danielle Mitterrand, épouse de François Mitterrand, s'est éteinte le 22 novembre 2011 à l'hôpital parisien Georges-Pompidou à la suite de problèmes respiratoires. In the November 1946 legislative election, he succeeded in winning a seat as deputy from the Nièvre département. He obtained 25.85% of votes in the first round (against 15% for the PCF candidate Georges Marchais), then defeated President Giscard d'Estaing in the second round, with 51.76%. Ces positions ont quelquefois mis François Mitterrand dans une situation diplomatique délicate pendant sa présidence, par exemple vis-à-vis de la Chine, lorsque Danielle reçoit le dalaï-lama[13] ; mais cette indépendance permet à Danielle de négocier la libération de nombreux prisonniers politiques. In June 1971, at the time of the Epinay Congress, the CIR joined the PS, which had succeeded the SFIO in 1969. President François Mitterrand received from King, Bell, David S. "The Essence of Presidential Leadership in France: Pompidou, Giscard, Mitterrand, and Chirac as Coalition Builders.". In terms of foreign policy, François Mitterrand did not significantly deviate from his predecessors and he continued nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific in spite of protests from various peace and environmentalist organizations. Her successor Pierre Bérégovoy promised to fight unemployment and corruption but he could not prevent the catastrophic defeat of the left in the 1993 legislative election. [citation needed]. Danielle Mitterrand s'éteint quelques jours plus tard, le 22 novembre 2011, à l'hôpital Georges-Pompidou, à l'âge de 87 ans. Mitterrand's wife, Danielle Mitterrand (née Gouze, 1924–2011), came from a socialist background and worked for various left-wing causes. Youth Organization. [16] From September, he made contact with Free French Forces, but clashed with Michel Cailliau [fr], General Charles de Gaulle's nephew (and de Gaulle's candidate to head-up all POW-related resistance organizations). Elle est l'une des premières à prendre conscience du fléau que constitue le virus du Sida en Afrique, et lutte pour une meilleure diffusion des antirétroviraux. While the opposition to De Gaulle organized in clubs, he founded his own group, the Convention of Republican Institutions (Convention des institutions républicaines, CIR). With the polls running in his favor, François Mitterrand announced his candidacy in the 1988 presidential election. Although the income limit for allowances varied according to the position of the child in the family and the number of dependent children, these ceilings were made more favourable in cases where both parents were working or where a single parent was in charge and were linked to changes in wage levels. Although at times a politically isolated figure, he outmanoeuvered rivals to become the left's standard bearer at every presidential election from 1965–88, with the exception of 1969. In addition, Government grants and loans for capital investment for modernisation were significantly increased.[58]. The stamp states that France is the home of the Huguenots ("Accueil des Huguenots"). Danielle Mitterrand a mis le droit d'accès à l'eau au premier rang des droits humains, décidant d'en faire une de ses priorités au côté de l'éducation, de la démocratie participative et de l'économie responsable. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic. Find the perfect Fille 10 Ans stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. He also used Purgon, Monnier, Laroche, Captain François, Arnaud et Albre as cover names. He also had two children as results of extra-marital affairs: an acknowledged daughter, Mazarine (born 1974), … Indeed, in the second round of the legislative election, François Mitterrand was supported by the Communists but the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) refused to withdraw its candidate. He was suspected of being the informer of the Communist Party in the cabinet. The two men clashed, de Gaulle refused to jeopardize the Resistance by including a movement that gathered information from POWs. Reelected in 1967, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1979. Mitterrand's wife, Danielle Mitterrand née Gouze (1924–2011), came from a socialist background and worked for various left-wing causes. In 1965, François Mitterrand was the first left-wing politician who saw the presidential election by universal suffrage as a way to defeat the opposition leadership. In 1969, François Mitterrand could not run for the Presidency: Guy Mollet refused to give him the support of the SFIO. In terms of the theatre, some transfer of resources was made from the subsidy of the national theatres to the support for theatre companies which did not necessarily have an institutional home. Le cercueil de l'ancien président François Mitterrand suivi par sa femme Danielle Mitterrand (2e d) et son fils Jean-Christophe (d), le 11 janvier 1996 à Paris Eric Feferberg - AFP/Archives Antelme was restricted to the camp to prevent the spread of disease, but François Mitterrand arranged for his "escape" and sent him back to France for treatment.[40][41]. By 1986, particular attention was being focused on assisting women in single-parent families to get back into employment, in recognition of the growing problems associated with extra-marital births and marital breakdown. Elle l'épousera après la Libération, le 28 octobre 1944 - d'abord à la mairie, puis à l'église Saint-Séverin, à Paris. [9] His friendship with Dayan caused Mitterrand to begin to question some of his nationalist ideas. Elle est notamment présente lors de la conférence au Chiapas, pendant l'été 1996, dans le cadre de la révolte du Chiapas[réf. Ses parents sont laïcs, républicains et militants de la SFIO. In 1981, the purchasing power of social transfers went up by 4.5% and by 7.6% in 1982. Guy Fric [fr], under whose influence he became involved with the resistance. Less than eight months after leaving office, he died from the prostate cancer he had successfully concealed for most of his presidency. I do not believe France is responsible. [89] Together they fathered the Maastricht Treaty, which was signed on 7 February 1992. This period of government, with a President and a Prime Minister who came from two opposite coalitions, was the first time that such a combination had occurred under the Fifth Republic, and came to be known as "Cohabitation".[73]. French troops were deployed under Opération Turquoise, a military operation carried out under a United Nations (UN) mandate. He became engaged to Marie-Louise Terrasse (future actress and television presenter Catherine Langeais) in May 1940, when she was 16, but she broke it off in January 1942. François Mitterrand took membership for about a year in the Volontaires nationaux (National Volunteers), an organisation related to François de la Rocque's far-right league, the Croix de Feu; the league had just participated in the 6 February 1934 riots which led to the fall of the second Cartel des Gauches (Left-Wing Coalition).[7]. It took 20 years for the 'affaire' to come before the courts because the instructing judge Jean-Paul Vallat was at first thwarted by the 'affaire' being classed a defence secret, but in December 1999 la Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale declassified part of the files concerned. They married on 24 October 1944 and had three sons: Pascal (10 June – 17 September 1945), Jean-Christophe, born in 1946, and Gilbert, born on 4 February 1949. Not a member of any specific political party, his candidacy for presidency was accepted by all left-wing parties (the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), French Communist Party (PCF), Radical-Socialist Party (PR) and Unified Socialist Party (PSU)). In 1985, French agents sank the Greenpeace-owned ex-trawler Rainbow Warrior while it was docked in Auckland, New Zealand which the group had used in demonstrations against nuclear tests, whaling, and seal hunting. Housing allocations for the low-paid were raised by 25% in 1981, and in the two years following May 1981 family allowances were increased by 44% for families with 3 children and by 81% for families with 2 children. He reinforced his position as a left-wing opponent to Charles de Gaulle in publishing Le Coup d'État permanent (The permanent coup, 1964), which criticized de Gaulle's personal power, the weaknesses of Parliament and of the government, the President's exclusive control of foreign affairs, and defence, etc. All in all, François Mitterrand's La Baule speech, which marked a relative turning point in France's policy concerning its former colonies, has been compared with the 1956 loi-cadre Defferre which was responding to anti-colonialist feelings. They married on 24 October 1944 and had three sons: Pascal (10 June – 17 September 1945), Jean-Christophe, born in 1946, and Gilbert, born on 4 February 1949. François Mitterrand thus became the first President to be elected twice by universal suffrage. As Minister of Justice he was an official representative of France during the wedding of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and actress Grace Kelly. Elle fêtait le mois dernier le 25è anniversaire de sa Fondation entourée et écoutée, pour son plus grand bonheur, de nombreux jeunes. Mitterrand avoided arrest as Piatzook covered his escape.[34]. He also had two children as results of extra-marital affairs: an acknowledged daughter, Mazarine (born 1974), with his mistress Anne Pingeot,[5] and an unacknowledged son, Hravn Forsne (born 1988), with Swedish journalist Christina Forsne.[6]. [19] Socialist Resistance leader Jean Pierre-Bloch says that François Mitterrand was ordered to accept the medal as cover for his work in the resistance. . [7] However, he did write news articles in the L'Echo de Paris newspaper, which was close to the PSF. The Urba affair became public in 1989 when two police officers investigating the Marseille regional office of Urba discovered detailed minutes of the organisation's contracts and division of proceeds between the party and elected officials. François Mitterrand also reportedly gave covert support to some social movements, notably the student revolt against the university reform (Devaquet Bill). Mitterrand's wife, Danielle Mitterrand (née Gouze, 1924–2011), came from a socialist background and worked for various left-wing causes. A new boost was also given to research into family problems including an interest in the effects of changing family structures, of women’s employment and the impact of local social policies on family life. [citation needed] He claims this, and the influence of the people he met there, began to change his political ideas, moving him towards the left. Although the minutes proved a direct link between Urba and graft activity, an edict from the office of François Mitterrand, himself listed as a recipient, prevented further investigation. When André Masson began to talk about "la trahison des gaullistes" (the Gaullist treason), François Mitterrand stood up in the audience and shouted him down, saying Masson had no right to talk on behalf of POWs and calling la relève a "con" (i.e., something stupid). a photograph taken at this meeting is on the cover of Pierre Péan's book. Dans son livre repéré par Gala le 29 octobre 2019, Premières dames (ed. – Der Kanzler öffnet die Akten über die deutsche Einheit. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Service Médiacteur Jeunes / Streetwork ASTI. [35] "Morland" was François Mitterrand's cover name. From 1981 to 1984, the SMIC rose by 125%, while prices went up by only 75% during that same period. In 1958, François Mitterrand was one of the few to object to the nomination of Charles de Gaulle as head of government, and to de Gaulle's plan for a Fifth Republic. "Mitterrand, France, and NATO: the European transition. Danielle Mitterrand était une femme d'action, une militante. Reelected in 1955, 1961, 1967, 1973, 1979. The executive of the PS was then dominated by Guy Mollet's supporters. [32] According to Dechartre, the meeting on 28 May 1943 was set up because "there were three movements [of Résistance:] […] the Gaullist, the communist, and one from support centers […] hence I was assigned the mission to prepare what would be called afterwards the merger [of the three movements]. François Mitterrand died in Paris on 8 January 1996 at the age of 79 from prostate cancer, a condition he and his doctors had concealed for most of his presidency (see section on "Medical Secrecy" below).

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