Waters, C.P. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ———, A. Tsing, N. Bubandt & E. Gan 2017. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 5(1), 87-111. This entry provides a short and necessarily partial account of anthropological engagements with the Anthropocene—an immense, burgeoning, and still-embryonic field of study (Gibson & Venkateswar 2015; Swanson, Bubandt & Tsing 2015). Social Studies of Science 47(1), 117-42. Plusieurs auteurs (tels révolutionnaires, dont le nombre ne cesse d'augmenter, et qui que Stoppani, Crutzen ou Stœrmer) ont proposé de donner le sont de plus en plus à la base des technologies modernes. The UNESCO Courier no.2: Welcome to the Anthropocene!, April-June 2018 (available on-line: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002619/261900e.pdf). Davis, H. & Z. Todd 2017. C'est un clavier en caractères arabes qui vous aide à écrire des mots et des phrases plus facilement sur l'internet. Εμφάνιση αλγοριθμικά δημιουργημένων μεταφράσεων. Günel, G. 2016. In Anthropology and climate change: from encounters to actions (eds) S.A. Crate & M. Nuttall, 240-9. Rather than asking how anthropology can illuminate small-scale responses to the Anthropocene, these writings push us to interrogate the very idea of the Anthropocene, the truth-claims and the ethical demands that it makes, and the effects of such claims and demands in multiple settings. Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: making kin. The social life of blame in the Anthropocene. Anthropocenic ecoauthority: the winds of Oaxaca. Gibson, K., D.B. increasingly notable impact on the planet. This entry suggests that classic anthropological methods, such as small-scale participant-observation and the critical juxtaposition of ‘strange’ and ‘familiar’ insights, are well suited to adding empirical depth and nuance to this multidisciplinary field. l'anthropocène période à partir de laquelle l'influence de l'Homme sur le système terrestre serait devenue prédominante. As the approaches above reveal, there are different, and differently scaled, ways of responding to the Anthropocene: to take it apart and focus on its small-scale, localised challenges; to critique its truth-claims and politics on various levels; or to capitalise on the Anthropocene as an opportunity to formulate new, hopeful, experimental possibilities for the future. Chatterton, P., D. Featherstone & P. Routledge 2012. Environmental Humanities 8(1), 95-117. (ed.) ... You can click on table header to sort results by column name Introduction: tactics of multispecies ethnography. Similarly, Erik Swyngedouw and Henrik Ernstson (2018) challenge what they label as a post-humanist rejection of nature/society distinctions. Nobel Prize- winning climatologist Paul Crutzen calls our geological era the, Ο βραβευμένος με Νόμπελ κλιματολόγος, Πολ Κρούτσεν αποκαλεί τη γεωλογική μας περίοδο, Nobel Prize-winning climatologist Paul Crutzen calls our geological era the, that it has been used to define a new geological epoch the, στη Γη είναι τόσο μεγάλο που καθορίζει μια νέα γεωλογική εποχή η, We may, in fact, have entered a new geological era -- the. Indeed, ‘in a global state of precarity’, she argues, ‘we don’t have choices other than looking for life in this ruin’ (2015: 6). In this vein, anthropologists have explored how scientific knowledge is received, interpreted,and incorporated within specific local cultural settings. & B. Stewart 2009. In The shock of the Anthropocene, historians Christophe Bonneuil and Jean-Baptiste Fressoz (2016) contend that the dominant narrative perpetuates a historically inaccurate myth: that humans have suddenly awoken to the negative consequences of their actions upon the environment (see, e.g., Steffen et al. Post-political populism and the spectre of climate change. End Of Anthropocene - Rémi Godefroid 31,771 downloads Designers Note This font provides an organic and natural effect to the letters making it ideal for a project about the environment or … [from 1960s] Coordinate term: Holocene (current epoch) Hypernym: Quaternary (current period) 1960, Doklady. This entry has offered a glimpse of the Anthropocene’s second life as it is playing out in various anthropological quarters. Defying, rather than conforming to, academic conventions and expectations, they experiment with different methods, forms of knowledge, and aesthetics to ‘imagine alternative [Anthropocenic] futures’ (Lorimer 2017: 131). 2008; Lewis & Maslin 2015). Mathur, N. 2015. Español Français 2020 Human Development Report ‘The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene’ Tuesday, 15 December 2020 12:30pm EST/ 5:30pm GMT RSVP HERE For the first time in a relationship spanning 300,000 years, instead of the planet shaping humans, humans are shaping the planet. Climate change as rendered intelligible through these existing ethical frameworks therefore also lead Islanders to hold themselves morally culpable for Anthropocenic impacts, in distinction to their nation’s minimal contributions to carbon dioxide emissions. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. This will suggest certain avenues for action, and foreclose others. Militarized ecologies: visualizations of environmental struggle in the Brazilian Amazon. After briefly considering what the Anthropocene is, we shall examine four key anthropological approaches to it: those that a) put ethnography to work in spaces most directly affected by Anthropocenic phenomena; b) critically interrogate the idea of the Anthropocene: its discourses, truth-claims, politics, and ethical injunctions; c) take the Anthropocene as an opportunity for speculation, creativity, and hopeful regeneration; and d) treat the Anthropocene as a political and socio-economic problem and symptom of global inequalities and injustices. & M.A. Similar approaches can be found in Jason Cons’ (2018) ethnography of the pre-emptive restructuring of Bangladeshi borderlands in the name of climate security; Cymene Howe’s discussion of multiple claims to ‘anthropocentric ecoauthority’ in the context of wind power development in Mexico (2014); and Nayanika Mathur’s description of the political work performed by Anthropocenic categories like ‘climate change’ in the context of human-wildlife conflicts in the Indian Himalayas (2015). 2015)—the period of extensive technological, demographic, economic, and resource use expansion from 1945 onward—as the origin point. Theory, Culture and Society 34(2-3), 147-68. The Anthropocene Curriculum is a global network of initiatives developing and testing experimental and experiential approaches to co-learning and co-producing knowledge in a rapidly changing planetary situation. This emphasis on culture chimes with the work of geographer Mike Hulme (2008), who contends that climate change discourse is dominated by natural scientific frameworks, and consequently has been stripped of cultural context (see also Malm & Hornborg 2014). Nature, history and the crisis of capitalism (ed.) Cons, J. Wild dog dreaming: love and extinction. Uncalculated Risk John Koeferl, Jeffrey Treffinger Dec 06, 2020. Decisions regarding the formal boundaries of the Anthropocene have political and socio-economic repercussions. 2016. 2018. Βρέθηκαν 16 προτάσεις σε 4 ms. Προέρχονται από πολλές πηγές και δεν έχουν ελεγχθεί. Combining art, film, virtual reality, augmented reality, and scientific research, the project investigates human influence on the state, dynamic and future of the Earth. the intellectual field that has emerged around the concept (Lorimer 2017), and vice-versa. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002619/261900e.pdf, http://www.brunel.ac.uk/people/liana-chua. Crate and Nuttall (2009) argue that anthropologists have a privileged point of engagement: many are already working with communities who are experiencing the severest impacts of climate change while being some of the least responsible for those impacts. Arctic 66(3), 338-50. ‘The Anthropocene’ is a term that is increasingly used to define a new planetary era: one in which humans have become the dominant force shaping Earth’s bio-geophysical composition and processes. We are the explorers, the innovators who get to decide what this — the first generation of the Anthropocene — will be remembered for.” For the past 30 years, the UNDP has released the Human Development Index (HDI) to act as an alternative metric to gross domestic product (GDP). For example, Jerry Jacka (2009) shows how the impacts of El Niño in the Porgera Valley in Papua New Guinea have been accommodated within Christian narratives of punishment and apocalypse and understood as revenge for the destruction of significant ritual sites through road building. Promiscuous corroboration and climate change translation: a case study from the Marshall Islands. Flight ways: life and loss at the edge of extinction. As well as identifying an event they deem stratigraphically significant, Lewis and Maslin therefore foreground colonial violence as a foundation of the Anthropocene. 2015. Zalasiewicz, J., M. Williams, A. Smith, T.L. In this capacity, they are also pushing anthropologists to ask what distinctive methodological, analytical, and ethico-political contributions their discipline can make to the burgeoning interdisciplinary field of Anthropocene studies. Anthropology at the time of the Anthropocene: a personal view of what is to be studied. It is here that anthropologists are well-placed to intervene in ongoing conversations by producing detailed ethnographic accounts of the. Their insights into the all-too-human production of scientific knowledge are exemplified by Jessica O’Reilly’s discussion of Antarctic research (2016), which reveals how scientific data about the shifting Antarctic landscape is indelibly shaped by scientists’ intimate, sensory engagements with the ice, national research logistics and nationalism, guesswork, and, often, pure chance. Stoppani, Crutzen, Stoermer) have proposed the term ". " Geo: Geography and Environment 5(2), e00068 (available on-line: https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.68). WORD ORIGINS ; LANGUAGE QUESTIONS ; WORD LISTS; SPANISH DICTIONARY; More. Anthropocene man. All rights reserved. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 51(1), 47-60. Écoute de la sourate 51 - الذاريات / AD-DARIYAT récitée en arabe. We need both senses of monstrosity: entanglement as life and as danger (2017: M4). At the same time, productions such as Edward Burtynsky’s film Anthropocene: the human epoch (2018) are drawing public attention to both the term and the challenges that it poses in the contemporary world. Geophysical Research Letters 37: L15703. Nobody knows or feels this more than those under 30 years old , whose birthright as citizens of the Anthropocene is a world that is living through serial catastrophes. Cherchez anthropocène et beaucoup d’autres mots dans le dictionnaire de synonymes français de Reverso. Les polices sont autorisées pour un usage personnel et commercial. Peter Rudiak-Gould’s (2012) work in the Marshall Islands also highlights how scientific understandings are combined with local understandings and used to bolster existing moral frameworks, a process he describes as ‘promiscuous corroboration’. He identifies a prevalent Marshallese understanding of climate change as symptomatic of wider, pre-existing cultural decline, due to increasing American influences and the loss of traditional knowledges, lifestyles,and practices. He contends that without a clear analytical separation of nature and society, capitalism cannot be critiqued, thereby diminishing the possibility for political action. Combining art, film, virtual reality, augmented reality, and scientific research, the project investigates human influence on the state, dynamic and future of the Earth. Lisez et écoutez la sourate الذاريات / AD-DARIYAT en arabe sur coran-francais.com. Kirksey, E. & S. Helmreich 2010. For example, Terike Haapoja and Laura Gustafsson (2015), creators of the art installation The Museum of the History of Cattle (2013), use the narrative of an imaginary cow in a way that urges the reader to reimagine the world’s history, animal sociality, and the Anthropocene in bovine terms. Anthropocene: The Human Epoch subtitles. The Anthropo-scene: a guide for the perplexed. Which, despite the negatives, saw a healthy increase in good-neighbourliness and kindness as demonstrated, for instance, by caremongering. 2011. A history according to cattle. Glaciers and climate change: perspectives from oral tradition. of plastics in the geological strata now being formed. Treating the ethical, the political, and the scholarly as of a piece, such speculative discussions impel anthropologists to embrace their connections with other entities and to formulate ‘alternative political visions, modes of relation and opportunities for ethical responsiveness’ (Mitchell 2016: 39). In Anthropology and climate change: from encounters to actions (eds) S.A. Crate & M. Nuttall, 277-91. Performative vulnerability: climate change adaptation policies and financing in Kiribati. However, there is also a growing body of scholarship that advocates a critical understanding of the Anthropocene as an idea (Moore 2015: 28). Kempf, W. 2017. Marzec, R.P. ‘The Anthropocene’ is a term that is increasingly used to define a new planetary epoch: one in which humans have become the dominant force shaping Earth’s bio-geophysical composition and processes. Mirzoeff, N. 2014. Global Environmental Change 22, 46-54. Rather than reflecting an inherent vulnerability to climate change, these discourses can actually encourage people in affected areas to produce and perform their vulnerability in order to receive development funding (Webber 2013), and in doing so divert resources from other areas. Many researchers advocate bringing Indigenous knowledge of climate change into dialogue with scientific knowledge, for example by drawing on Athapaskan and Tlingit oral histories of glacial travel in the Gulf of Alaska (Cruikshank 2001), or organising community knowledge exchanges that bring together ethnographic accounts and scientific data regarding changes to the permafrost in northeastern Siberia (Crate & Fedorov 2013). The Anthropocene Review 1(1), 62-9. This approach, however, raises more fundamental questions about the distinction between local and scientific knowledge. Mitchell, A. Rose & Ruth Fincher (eds) 2015. Three stories of Noah: navigating religious climate change narratives in the Pacific Island region. For example, Heather Lazrus (2009) documents how, in Nanumea, Tuvalu, the tips of islands, which are associated with particular family lineages and corresponding levels of community prestige, are shifting due to coastal erosion, potentially causing changes in familial status and social hierarchies. Interrupting the Anthropo-obScene: immuno-biopolitics and depoliticizing ontologies in the Anthropocene. Rose, D.B. Shifting the university: faculty engagement and curriculum change. Moreover, the truth-claims that they generate are often tied up with profoundly moral ideas that evoke specific ways of thinking and feeling. New York: Columbia University Press. Environment & Society 6, 48-65. This diverse body of work is often animated by a shared concern with unsettling, reworking, and transcending dominant scholarly categories such as ‘nature’, ‘culture’, ‘human’, and ‘nonhuman’. While not uncritical of its horrors and injustices, their writings approach the Anthropocene as an opportunity: as a still-emergent entity to be appropriated, recast, and even redone (Buck 2015: 372). Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press. Wishful sinking: disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation. Rather than assuming their veracity, anthropologists ask: how are such concepts defined, made visible or knowable, and formalised, and to what effect? London: Open Humanities Press. Similarly, Anna Tsing (2011, 2015) propounds a form of ‘multispecies love’—‘passionate immersion in the lives of…nonhumans’ (2011: 19)—as an antidote to the destructive excesses of global capitalism. Μια εποχή με οικολογική συνείδηση στην οποία θα μάθουμε να πετάμε όλοι μαζί και να συνυπάρχουμε στον αέρα, και να φτάσουμε σε έναν ηθικό συμβιβασμό με την ατμόσφαιρα και τον πλανήτη Γη. These local understandings can render problematic the anthropogenic dimension of climate change. Thus, culture can be understood as both a cause of climate change, integral to understanding it, and a means of influencing responses to it. Proposed bio-geophysical evidence for these and other features of the Anthropocene includes increasing global average temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations, rising sea levels and ocean acidification (Zalasiewicz et al. They travel well-worn paths, and are preconditioned by other academic knowledges, knowledge-producing apparatuses, and institutional arrangements (Hall & Sanders 2015: 454). 2012). Anthropological engagement with the Anthropocene: a critical review. Less than one but more than many: Anthropocene as science fiction and scholarship-in-the-making. Claude Lorius et Laurent Carpentier, Voyage dans l'Anthropocène, cette nouvelle ère dont nous sommes les héros, Actes Sud, 2011, 200 p. 2009. However, debates continue regarding its starting point. επίπεδα πλαστικών υλών στα γεωλογικά στρώματα που διαμορφώνονται σήμερα. Montages réalisé sur gimp et inksc 2016. Moore, A. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. These impacts include anthropogenic climate change, biodiversity loss leading to mass extinction, and the ubiquity of microplastics in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Their efforts exemplify a form of engaged research that seeks to alleviate, or at least highlight, the deleterious effects of the Anthropocene. [3] The term ‘majority world’ collectively refers to the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania – who make up the majority of the world’s population – without defining them negatively in comparison with Europe and North America (unlike the categories ‘third world’ or ‘developing world’). This is the Anthropocene: the age of humans. to denote the current period in the history of the world. This position is endorsed by feminist scholars Heather Davis and Zoe Todd (2017), who contend that selecting this starting date would create space for Indigenous thought within the Anthropocene debate. Short introduction to the concept of the Anthropocene. clavier arabe virtuel Nous espérons que ce petit virtuel clavier arab vous aidera à rédiger des textes en arabe quand vous êtes loin de votre propre ordinateur arabe - par exemple dans un café Internet dans un pays étranger. Anthropocene or Capitalocene? The new 2020 Human Development Report (HDR) – set to launch on 15 December – looks at how humanity can navigate this new age, unpacking the relationships between people and the planet and showing how our impacts on the Earth interact with inequalities across societies. Narratives of low-lying island states being imminently engulfed by rising sea levels, for example, can disempower affected communities and inhibit effective mitigative action by representing Islanders as helpless victims and their homelands as inevitably lost (Farbotko 2010). At a time when microplastics have infiltrated marine food chains and ‘natural disasters’ like floods and coastal erosion are precipitated by human-induced climate change, such dichotomies have become increasingly hard to maintain. Princeton: University Press. 2015. London: Verso. Bonneuil, C. & J.-B. 2015. Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: the first human-induced global warming? The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Anthropology is an open access resource. By thrusting this vital question into the public spotlight, the Anthropocene has, as Bruno Latour puts it, been a gift to contemporary scholarship—an invitation to ‘renegotiate the shape, boundary, limit and extent’ of anthropology’s core concern, ‘humanity’ (2014), and much more besides. Haraway 2008; Mitchell 2016; Reinert 2016; Rose 2011; Tsing 2015; van Dooren 2014). Cultural Anthropology 32(2), 242-68. ολοένα και πιο καθοριστική επίδραση στον πλανήτη. Climate change and hazardscape of Sri Lanka. The Anthropocene has thus become a ‘charismatic mega-concept’ (Turpin & Davis 2015: 6) that bridges the natural and the social sciences, and academia and the public realm, igniting heated debates across all of them. Secondly, scholars have argued that the dominant Anthropocene narrative treats humanity —the Anthropos —as a ‘unitary species actor’ (Nixon 2017: 24), or a singular universal subject. (en) Jeremy Davies, The Birth of the Anthropocene, University of California Press, 2016. Bown, P. Brenchley, et al. Humans have become so powerful that we have disrupted the functioning of the Earth System as a whole, bringing on a new geological epoch the Anthropocene one in which the serene and clement conditions that allowed civilisation to flourish are disappearing and we quail before the wakened giant. Hornborg 2017) identifies 1450 and the mercantile capitalist era as the starting point of the Capitalocene. Maslin 2015. Μπορεί, μάλιστα, να μπήκαμε σε μία νέα γεωλογική εποχή, το. Although social scientists have long questioned these categories’ universality, the Anthropocene has thrown their contingency into starker relief: if ‘human agency has become the main geological force shaping the face of the earth’ (Latour 2014), how, then, can we tell what is ‘natural’ and ‘cultural’, ‘human’ and ‘nonhuman’? put it: Our continued survival demands that we learn something about how best to live and die within the entanglements we have. We are the world? Through such accounts, Amelia Moore suggests, anthropologists can begin to treat ‘the Anthropocene idea as a problem space’ (2015: 41; italics in original) that needs to be explored rather than taken for granted. Global change policymaking from inside the beltway: engaging anthropology. Crist, E. 2016. Theory, Culture & Society 33(5), 23-42. Indigenous science (fiction) for the Anthropocene: ancestral dystopias and fantasies of climate change crises. Steffen, W., J. Grinevald, P. Crutzen & J. McNeill 2011. ——— 2014. Are we now living in the Anthropocene? Antroposen adalah kala yang bermula ketika aktivitas manusia mulai memiliki pengaruh global terhadap ekosistem Bumi. Consequently, some researchers have focused their energies not just on analysis but advocacy, engaging with legislation and policy (Fiske 2009), setting up university sustainability initiatives (Bartlett & Stewart 2009), and participating in climate justice movements (Chatterton et al. Hornborg (2017), for one, rejects Moore’s view of nature and society as entirely entangled. Antipode 45(3), 602-20. Abingdon: Routledge. climate change, mass extinction) and as a politically and morally loaded concept. Quaternary International 383, 196-203. In Environmental transformations and cultural responses (eds) E. Dürr & A. Pascht, 19-48. ——— C.N. Liana Chua is Reader in Anthropology at Brunel University London. Malm, A. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33(1), 5-11. Its key markers include climate change and its consequences (e.g. Annual Review of Anthropology 41, 57-70. Gibson, Rose & Fincher 2015; Kirksey, Shapiro & Brodine 2014; Tsing et al. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41(10): 2396-416. Some Anthropocene proponents concede that difficulty. Arctic 54(4), 377-93. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 16(4), 761-80. New Year’s Eve is traditionally when we fix our gaze firmly forward in hope, having cast a backward glance at the year just ended. and give way to a new era, which we call the "Aerocene" -- an era of ecological awareness, in which we learn to float together, live together in the air, and come to an ethical commitment with the atmosphere and with planet earth. Underpinned by the insights of political economy and political ecology, such scholarship treats anthropological critique as an intervention in the world: as a means of highlighting ongoing inequalities and historical contingencies and continuities, as well as the basis of a direct, engaged form of political action. (geology) The proposed current geological epoch, in which human activities have a powerful effect on the global environment. Anthropocene anthropology: reconceptualizing global contemporary change. Εξετάστε τα παραδείγματα μετάφρασης του Anthropocene σε προτάσεις, ακούστε την προφορά και μάθετε τη γραμματική. Téléchargez 10 000 polices en un seul clic pour seulement 19,95 $. Bartlett, P.F. Rudiak-Gould, P. 2012. 2001. He argues that this period witnessed the production of ‘Nature’ as an abstracted object of power, and that it was the violent exclusion of ‘Nature’ from ‘Society’ that enabled the development of capitalism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 22, S27-45. Theory, Culture and Society 27(2-3), 213-32. Others, notably public discourses about climate change, are apocalyptic (Swyngedouw 2010), depicting the Anthropocene as a threat to humankind’s very survival. Gibson, H. & S. Venkateswar 2015. ... You can click on table header to sort results by column name Potawatomi scholar Kyle Whyte (2018), for example, argues that this fails to recognise that, from one Indigenous perspective, the Anthropocene is a perpetuation of environmental destruction, displacement, and extinction due to the violence of colonialism: for some Indigenous communities, he argues, the apocalypse already arrived long ago. http://www.brunel.ac.uk/people/liana-chua. 2016. How do you use Anthropocene in a sentence? These approaches draw upon anthropology’s traditional strengths of rich qualitative research in small scale societies, focusing particularly on regions mostly critically threatened by climate change impacts, such as low-lying small island states. A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. For example, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) dedicated an entire journal issue to the Anthropocene (UNESCO 2018), while many of the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Sustainable Development Goals (2016-present) are built around key Anthropocenic concerns, such as global emissions, ecosystem damage, and overreliance on fossil fuels. Some of these, such as paintings of scenes from the Industrial Revolution, romanticise and naturalise the very conditions of human dominance over nature that fuelled the Anthropocene (Mirzoeff 2016). This narrative frames the Anthropocene in terms of human accomplishments, rather than taking it as an opportunity for humility and recognising the distinction between human influence and human control (Nixon 2017). Ο κατάλογος των πιο δημοφιλών ερωτημάτων: a cloud of radioactive particles disseminated all over the earth, marking the beginning of the, αυτής της έκρηξης, ένα νέφος ραδιενεργών σωματιδίων, ελευθερώθηκε σε όλη τη Γη σημαίνοντας την έναρξη, are now living in a geological epoch, the, , likely to be officially recognised by the levels. The politics of the anthropogenic. Rudiak-Gould’s work reveals some of the tensions that can emerge between research and political advocacy. The children and youth of today, you are experiencing a period of remarkable change in the state of the world around you. In Art in the Anthropocene: encounters among aesthetics, politics, environments and epistemologies (eds) H. Davis & E. Turpin, 293-8. Lorsqu’on est enfant, c’est une des premières choses que l’on apprend. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press. Human Development Report 2020 : The next frontier - Human development and the Anthropocene Dec 30, 2020 The 30th Anniversary 2020 Human Development Report is the latest in the series of global Human Development Reports published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) since 1990 as independent and analytically and empirically grounded discussions of major development … In this capacity, the imaginary of ‘the anthropogenic’ covers over the global and historical inequalities between humans that caused the Anthropocene, and that continue to structure global politics today (Sayre 2012). , understanding that the planet is a complex self- regulating system. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. When did the Anthropocene begin?

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