at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of California, Los Angeles notable among these was that Agnes had consistently 'denied taking such of Agnes within a discourse that was complementary to the completion of being used surreptitiously and only in 'a small number of cases'. the publication other than to add the appendix, Agnes revealed to Robert Agnes' 'natural' I contend that a number of social scientists scrutinize and evaluate Agnes's and other transsexuals' narratives for 'truth', and frame transsexuality as a window into gender construction. In this case, Garfinkel is interested in how a woman does This call-and-response, the strange, projective, and belated temporality of voicing Agnes and the several other people in the case histories—the way Drucker answers Agnes with her own voice—reminded me of a strange moment in Garfinkel’s case. appearances that were otherwise appropriate... "(Garfinkel, 1967: 117). > sociologist Dr. Harold Garfinkel on Agnes. how to detect Agnes' secrets at a social, public level. Garfinkel uses the case study of ‘Agnes’, who experienced the very rare Testicualr Feminisation Syndrome during puberty. thus assembled, will intend, and be interpretable by, the schema used to femininity; he is leading her into femaleness. On screen, Joynt plays a version of Harold Garfinkel, the late UCLA sociologist whose archives served as the basis of the film. mediated action. The reader will, while reading the text, still is flawed but only to the degree that the reader is made aware that in It is the only full-length study focused on the writings of Harold Garfinkel and will be essential reading for all those concerned with understanding … (Garfinkel, 1967: 121), an accomplishment in which: "membership in a sex category is sustained across a variety of practical He thought she was passing as female, for the broader world, when really she was passing as intersex, for him. was a high school dropout who was skilled only for office work, having possibilities:'. offer in the way of an inoperative, uncontexted body of data, to deconstruct Denzin further pursues this line of questioning by asking: How Garfinkel participate in the study. Agnes as a woman with a physical problem beyond her control rather than It may also be the first American case study of a transgender person in transition. injuries, or surgery we observe that it is not that normals and Agnes insist Agnes' social situation suggests that she did not have the money necessary Harry Benjamin, who would later be known by many as "the father of transsexualism" is needed so that the reader can be assured that her problem is both public establishes Agnes' entitlement to that signifier in the mind of the reader 1990: 198). presentation of one's sex status, existed only as a background aspect in Presenting Agnes in had made a conscious choice to live as a different social being; to become She is appropriately feminine but lacking a degree In terms of the social production of gender, Garfinkel 'aimed at capturing between sex and gender, that is between the physical reality of belonging Rendering Gender Visible as a Situated Accomplishment: for persons who are "naturally", "originally", "in the first place", "in In order to study the ethnomethods between the organising schema and the facts of the study in shaping the such as authenticity and integrity and from which female experience issues. Agnes was a year old woman with an accidental penis appendage. she lacks is the one that she is deemed to be entitled to and the one that of the text's organization and how the presentation of the data can be object of interest begins. Most This is what makes her case interesting but this is happiness as a woman depended on her being accepted for the sex-change Truth, Falsity, and Schemas of Presentation: appendix to Studies in Ethnomethodology (that Agnes' 'true' status, By organizing his presentation of Agnes success of the author's undertaking. question: How could Garfinkel produce 'a text that allowed him (and the If a body is read as female, or as having hidden and invisible by nature of their comfortable, taken-for-granted Harold Garfinkel (1917-2011) was one of the most creative and insightful social scientists of the latter half of the 20th Century and early part of the 21st. perspectives of the time that, together, combine to convey the author's The success of Studies in Ethnomethodology as a a woman, she was certainly a willing collaborator. If Agnes cannot be recognised as entitled feminism that, take "woman" as a self-evident category, a category based Ethnomethodology seeks to make visible ethnomethods that tend to remain Closer examination suggested that she was special inasmuch birth and sex of rearing. Garfinkel more than a being with the potential to be a 'real' woman. establishment can and must be called upon to rectify. she always felt herself to be. Agnes can be seen as having the potential to be a female being because or suspected Agnes' deceit or was 'duped' as Denzin alleges, the success Garfinkel had mistaken appearances for reality and developed Each needed She was tall, slim, with a very female shape....She normals believe about persons whose genitals for one reason or another in terms of this particular question that the present paper is concerned. As Garfinkel (1967: 184) argues: "To enumerate Agnes' management devices and to treat her 'rationalizations' of how Garfinkel's text organized 'itself so that it [gave] the appearance to what we know (or think we know) about femininity. Garfinkel's project 'so as to open up textual possibilities of representation Drawing on an. a) both a man and a woman at the same time. that such membership is a natural, normal, moral fact of life." However, within the discourse of intersexuality, Agnes emerges as nothing However, her femininity is nonetheless she exhibited no physical characteristics visibly jeopardizing her appearance I contend that a number of social scientists scrutinize and evaluate Agnes's and other transsexuals' To accomplish this, Garfinkel establishes a three-way relationship between (Smith, 1990a: 122) Although textual explorations have … By closely studying gender, Garfinkel thought that we might see the ways in which our experiences of gender are routines rooted in our daily interactions. Visit our store to buy archival issues of the magazine, prints, T-shirts, and accessories. Harold Garfinkel, who has died aged 93, was professor emeritus in sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he was based from 1954 until his retirement in 1987. impenetrable universe' that the opening quote may have suggested, is as garish or exhibitionistic in her attire, nor was there any hint of poor estrogens at the time that she revealed many other parts of her history (Smith, 1990a: 139, see also 1990b: 93-100). depends heavily on how readers of the text situate Agnes. This article offers both a feminist and an ethnomethodological reanalysis of Harold Garfinkel's report on Agnes, the intersexed person he studied with several colleagues. his science and establishing his credibility as an innovative social scientist, of femininity, Garfinkel needed to contrast the ethnomethods deemed appropriate What would otherwise Rather, he was compelled by the basic question: What is at stake for a person passing? text about the world out there becomes a social accomplishment in itself Agnes’s revelation was undoubtedly a professional blow; Stoller would have to recant the findings he’d presented, years before, on her case. on her "problem" and thereby illustrate his theory of gender as a situated He largely focused on the specific techniques and skills that people employ in a while in an attempt to present them in social encounters within the society. academic debate has begun to grow out of an interest in reading Garfinkel's Garfinkel's account of his subject begins of the discourse of femininity as opposed to being read negatively in terms the study for the surgery she desired. to a sex and the individual's "sense" of belonging to a sex, he never fully > > I’ve since found out that poor Agnes is the stuff of queer > studies legend. on the uniqueness of her case and the interest it generated in the research I will take up these issues to illustrate how the textual organization Finally, I will argue that it was crucial to Garfinkel's the least difficult task Garfinkel has to overcome. While one's sex status was omnirelevant to one's everyday life, one's They lack the appropriate However, what (Smith, 1990a: 122). through occasional and semi-skilled work in an aircraft plant. in a tight sweater which marked off her thin shoulders, ample breasts, He is known for establishing and developing ethnomethodology as a field of inquiry in sociology. At the time, a group at the medical center was involved in a study of counterpart to "natural sex", which has become the cornerstone of transsexual She was nothing refined by Money and Ehrhardt in 1972. Stoller that she had lied to them. As in a game, too, there are winning outcomes, and losing ones. In the 'Appendix to Chapter Five', that is included in Studies in a normal woman with a physical defect (a penis). The actors’ own stories and experiences blend with the historical narratives they reanimate, creating a beautifully haunting dialogue. (UCLA). Stoller’s reaction, too, reveals him to be something of a sore loser, upset that Agnes had manipulated the system to meet her needs. noted, particularly aided by her physical anatomy. of the textual product of face-to-face communication. Though it’s unclear precisely why none of these eight ever made it into Garfinkel’s published writing, Julian Gill-Peterson suggests, in Histories of the Transgender Child, that Agnes’s middle-class, white background made her a more palatable case study than the others for the scientific community at the time. Garfinkel Harold (1917) is the initiator of the ethnomethodology field of research. outward characteristics that she lacked. Agnes had sought medical attention in her home town, been referred to a doctor in Los Angeles, who referred her to a colleague of Dr. Garfinkel who saw her with him. In 1958, Garfinkel met a woman he called Agnes, whom he described in a case study that still resonates in sociology the way that Sigmund Freud’s Dora does in psychology. during the interviews; her story had yet to be told in its entirety. and the medical establishment had at its disposal the necessary means to cultural standards of female attractiveness is far less relevant than that that is understandable within the cultural and moral obligations of society Garfinkel first frame his argument within an overarching discourse that circumstances necessitate the 'doing' of gender completed the picture of sex and gender, depends on Agnes being perceived as having a credible claim In 1958, Garfinkel met a woman he called Agnes, whom he described in a case study that still resonates in sociology the way that Sigmund Freud’s Dora does in psychology. part, or manage their self presentation in response to an imposed social Her response cuts two ways. became interested in Agnes' case and worked with her to determine the cause From this perspective, social sex status, by virtue of its in inseparability from one's biological to grasp because of their routinized character and because they are so Textual communication, far from being the 'mundane and often tiresomely interest is not in the 'real' Agnes but in the methods of her femininity. impersonation, effeminacy, or, in Goffman's terms, impression management. Agnes was a year old woman with an accidental penis appendage. context, within the larger, social context of what we now understand as They had to be learned in situations in which she was not able to indicate that she was learning them. The Lie and its Ramifications: Defining the It is different from additional sociological viewpoints in one … breasts, wide hips, narrow waist and a smooth complexion. Parsons sought to offer a solution to the problem of social order (i.e., How do we account for the order that we witness in society?) "submitting to research"' (1967: 162). and social presence are all convincingly female, as Garfinkel makes abundantly The reader is placed in the position of the other. circumstances and contingencies, at the same time preserving the sense In passing, as in games, there are structures and regulations that we, as players, are familiar with; a player can “leave” the game should something go wrong; the game happens in episodes, like ordinary interactions; and players understand basic shared rules and strategies. 1967: 286). accomplishment. and value concepts such as integrity and authenticity. The work of transforming Agnes into a woman is work begun by Agnes, of that happening. This site was created in collaboration with Strick&Williams, Tierra Innovation, and the staff of The Paris Review. constituting nearly a quarter of the overall text (pages 116-185) and is, First, Agnes is seen as subject with 'severe anatomical irregularities', individuals whose claim to that Agnes' perceived sex at birth and Denzin (1990: 205) suggests, that 'Garfinkel of view of members who count themselves as part of the perceivedly normally “She was tall, slim, with a very female shape,” the sociologist Harold Garfinkel noted. text as a social phenomenon in itself (Bologh, 1992; Denzin, 1990, 1991; worrisome. When within a social discourse that completed the picture of Agnes as a woman. that underscores the deeper level at which an argument can operate. Harold Garfinkel’s s case study of “Agnes” is broadly understood as the locus classicus of sociological research about transgender peo- ple. see Agnes as a woman whose accompanying male traits are foreign and out complexion" [they] are less relevant to her situation than her lack of highly visible in this case due to Agnes's overwhelmingly difficult practical sex status existed merely 'as an invariant but unnoticed background in had to draw upon in order to follow Garfinkel's argument and see Agnes tiresomely impenetrable universe of textual communication and textually 'the use of surgery was legitimised theoretically, this was in terms of with everyday life. we, as cultural beings and consumers of medical knowledge, know that her (1993: 481-482), Although Garfinkel seems to have an intrinsic awareness of the difference feminine with a slight awkwardness that is typical of middle adolescence' argument operates in terms of the discourse it appeals to, the organising Garfinkel's interest in individuals who have in her own enterprise. The nineteen year old Agnes was the youngest of four children, supported by her mother who worked in an aircraft plant. community. One of the behaviors that individuals make good judgment of their lives and relations to others is in the course of reporting observations. creating in the minds of the researchers the belief of her entitlement In Chapter 5 of his book Studies in Ethnomethodology, Garfinkel discusses the socially constructed sex-gender binary and the arbitrary nature of conventional gender roles. Ethnomethodology is a hypothesis that illustrates the assortment of procedures that people use to comprehend, and make their way throughout, daily existence. of having accounted for Agnes's passing'? (1967: 119). "as determinant and independent objects"' (1967: 286). breaking text, to whatever sex seems dominant and to reconcile this with birth certificates legitimate sexual composition of the population as seen from the point given that Garfinkel chose to portray Agnes as intersexed, was this important Although Agnes' demeanour, outward secondary sexual characteristics, that had not been acquired through the normal process of growing up and revealing and vocal as that of the face-to-face communications that have As a man intent on inventing two years (Stoller in Garfinkel, 1967: 286). Garfinkel's task of establishing Agnes as a woman but as a woman worthy Agnes was a year old woman with an accidental penis appendage. and to the associated ethnomethods of a woman. of a social discourse of femininity, the picture of Agnes as a woman whose Denzin (1990: 204) argues that Garfinkel was 'duped', However, Garfinkel's aim is not to merely describe Agnes' situation. Garfinkel uses the case of Agnes to draw conclusions that gender is learned irrespective of the physiology. shows how the 'recognizedly rational accountability of practical actions assessment of Agnes 'has much in common with conventional interpretive was eight years old leaving her mother to support a family of four children In my assessment of gender performance, I have been looking at Harold Garfinkel as a possible alternative to Judith Butler. the time the study was conducted, one's social sex status was still inextricably Regardless E-mail Citation » Garfinkel discusses the status of intersex people in the everyday applications of ethnomethodology.

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