19. This is God; he must be conceived under the notion of cause, related to humanity and the world. Victor de Broglie Victor COUSIN (1792-1867) est professeur de philosophie à la faculté des lettres de Paris, lorsqu'il publie en 1829 son "Cours de l'histoire de philosophie". Cousin revient néanmoins en France assez découragé[8]. Sanson de Pongerville As an educational reformer and a man of learning, who greatly influenced others, Cousin stands out among the memorable Frenchmen of the 19th century. Biographie. L'ARRESTATION DE VICTOR COUSIN EN ALLEMAGNE. Victor Cousin Contributions de Victor Cousin. Professeur de philosophie à l'École Normale (1813-1820), puis à la Sorbonne (1824-1830). The East typifies the infinite, Greece the finite or reflective epoch, the modern era the stage of relation or correlation of infinite and finite. The chief feature of the rooms was his noble library, the cherished collection of a lifetime. Ce voyage fait suite, d'une part, à un intérêt pour la pensée allemande après Leibniz, intérêt manifeste dans le cours de 1815-1816, et, d'autre part, à une rencontre avec Auguste Schlegel et Madame de Staël pendant l'hiver 1816-1817[4]. 30. It was through this "triple discipline" that Cousin's philosophical thought was first developed, and that in 1815 he began the public teaching of philosophy in the Normal School and in the faculty of letters. Pierre Laromiguière était alors chargé du cours de philosophie. Dans la deuxième préface aux Fragments philosophiques, où il expose avec franchise les diverses influences philosophiques qui ont marqué sa vie, Cousin parle avec émotion de la reconnaissance qu’il éprouvait en se souvenant de ce jour où il avait entendu Laromiguière pour la première fois. [9], The observational method applied to consciousness gives us the science of psychology. Cousin, après avoir refusé le poste d'auditeur au Conseil d'État que lui offrait le comte de Montalivet, voulut lui aussi enseigner la philosophie : il fut nommé professeur au lycée Napoléon et obtint rapidement un poste de maître de conférences à l’École normale. » Il souhaite également que « la religion chrétienne (...) s'affermisse et se répande de jour en jour davantage; elle maintient en effet et répand avec elle de nobles croyances, favorables à la philosophie elle-même, à la vertu, au patriotisme, à tout ce qui fait la grandeur de l'homme sur la terre » et que la philosophie ne se mêle de « querelles qui ne la regardent point, et où elle ne pourrait que compromettre sa légitime indépendance[18]. [6], Among those influenced by Cousin were Edgar Allan Poe, Théodore Simon Jouffroy, Jean Philibert Damiron, Adolphe Garnier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, Charles de Rémusat, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Jules Simon, Paul Janet, Adolphe Franck and Patrick Edward Dove, who dedicated his "The Theory of Human Progression" to him—Jouffroy and Damiron were first fellow-followers. @prefix isni: . [12], The self is found to be a cause of force, free in its action, on the ground that we are obliged to relate the volition of consciousness to the self as its cause, and its ultimate cause. L'image de Victor Cousin qui a fini par s'imposer, d'après Pierre Macherey, est généralement négative[19]. We may say with truth that nature and humanity belong to it, for without its laws both would perish. ), French philosopher, educational reformer, and historian whose systematic eclecticism made him the best known French thinker in his time.. At the École Normale in 1811 Cousin was influenced by his studies of the philosophers P. Laromiguière, E.B. He cannot deliberate or will as we do. Moreover, there is the old Dutch translation: Brief van René Des Cartes aen den vermaerden D. Gisbertus Voetius (Amsterdam: Van Baerdt, 1643). H. L. de Quélen They become in practice Psychology, Ontology and Eclecticism in history. Hegel dit que Cousin est venu en Allemagne faire des « courses philosophiques[2] ». Victor Cousin (1792-1867), philosophe, ministre de l'Instruction publique (1840) Share Add this content Ajouter une note Print. Ce cours imprimé par la suite sous le titre Du Vrai, du Beau et du Bien et constamment revu par la suite reste son ouvrage le plus célèbre et l'exposé le plus général de sa philosophie, bien qu'il soit depuis lors tombé dans l'oubli. Nommé par le ministre Victor Cousin afin "de parvenir à la régularisation administrative de la situation personnelle de Xavier de Portets". », — Pierre Leroux, Réfutation de l’éclectisme, 1839, « Parleur superficiel et pédant, innocent de toute conception originale, de toute pensée qui lui fût propre, mais très fort dans le lieu commun, qu'il a le tort de confondre avec le bon sens, ce philosophe illustre a préparé savamment, à l'usage de la jeunesse étudiante de France, un plat métaphysique de sa façon, et dont la consommation, rendue obligatoire dans toutes les écoles de l'État, soumises à l'Université, a condamné plusieurs générations de suite à une indigestion du cerveau. Il est, je crois, jaloux de Béranger. As the administrator of public instruction for over a decade, Cousin also had an important influence on French educational policy. Freed after six months, he remained under the suspicion of the French government for three years. Sa taille était assez élevée, et il était très bien fait ; ses yeux lançaient à tout moment des éclairs ; les traits de la figure étaient réguliers, et d'une beauté sculpturale ; la physionomie très expressive et mobile, attestait l'habitude de la pensée et du travail ; quelques rides sur le front et des joues amaigries étaient loin de déparer l'ensemble. F. X. de Montesquiou-Fézensac P. P. de Ségur This led Cousin, still holding by essential knowledge of being, to ground it in an analysis of consciousness, in psychology. F. A. Mignet, 21. 38. 16. In defence of university studies he stood manfully forth in the chamber of peers in 1844, against the clerical party on the one hand and the levelling or Philistine party on the other. Victor Cousin And here the question arises—Can we vindicate in a reflective or mediate process this spontaneous apprehension of reality? Immediate spontaneous apperception may seize this supreme reality; but to vindicate it by reflection as an inference on the principle of causality is impossible. Déjà, il est réputé parmi ses camarades pour sa connaissance du grec. Find the perfect Victor Noir stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. 23. 19. His search into principles was not profound, and his power of rigorous consecutive development was limited. M. Victor Cousin, ministre de l'instruction publique (1 er mars 1840-29 octobre 1840). Il meurt en 1867 et est enterré au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division 4). Il a fait connaître en France la philosophie de l'idéalisme allemand et encouragé les traductions des œuvres de Kant, de Fichte, de Hegel et de Schelling. [9], But there is a peculiarity in Cousin's doctrine of activity or freedom, and in his doctrine of reason, which enters deeply into his system. Lettre Autographe Signée datée du 7 Novembre 1870 sur papier entête du Ministère de l'intérieur, Cabinet du Ministre. Cousin continued to lecture for two and a half years after his return to the chair. Victor Hugo Emmanuel de Pastoret They are not mere modifications of this cause or properties, as with Spinoza,—they are free forces having" their power or spring of action in themselves, and this is sufficient for our idea of independent finite reality. But this test of necessity is a wholly secondary one; these laws are not thus guaranteed to us; they are each and all given to us, given to our consciousness, in an act of spontaneous apperception or' apprehension, immediately, instantaneously, in a sphere above the reflective consciousness, yet within the reach of knowledge. 39. He has sketched Jacqueline Pascal (1844), Madame de Longueville (1853), the marquise de Sable (1854), the duchesse de Chevreuse (1856), Madame de Hautefort (1856). "[9], During the last years of his life he occupied a suite of rooms in the Sorbonne, where he lived simply and unostentatiously. [6], The most important work he accomplished during this period was the organization of primary instruction. Émile Augier Another thinker who influenced him at this early period was Maine de Biran, whom Cousin regarded as the unequalled psychological observer of his time in France. Mind realizes another power in the universe. His sympathies were apparently with the monarchy, under certain constitutional safeguards. There may be particular instances or cases of these laws, but we could never get the laws themselves in their universality, far less absolute impersonality. Bachelier à quatorze ans, il est agrégé de lettres à 21 ans. 38. Après avoir rempli des missions scientifiques en Prusse et aux Pays-Bas, il devient ministre de l'Instruction publique dans le second ministère Thiers du 1er mars au 28 octobre 1840. Policy Shift | 54 followers on LinkedIn. Session on 17 April, lots 1457 and 1458. While at Berlin in 1824–1825 he was thrown into prison, either on some ill-defined political charge at the instance of the French police, or as a result of an indiscreet conversation. Les pairs veulent supprimer l'enseignement de la philosophie dans les collèges, car ils s'inquiètent que l'on mette la jeunesse en contact avec la philosophie[16]. But there is a primary kind of volition which has not reflection for its condition, which is yet free and spontaneous. Sanson de Pongerville If not to be trusted in one, it is not to be trusted in any. En 1839, elle obtint le grand prix de poésie de l’Académie française, probablement grâce à sa liaison avec le philosophe et futur ministre de l’instruction publique, Victor Cousin. Consciousness, then, is composed of these three integrant and inseparable elements. @prefix bio: . Retrouvez toutes les phrases célèbres de Victor Cousin parmi une sélection de + de 100 000 citations célèbres provenant d'ouvrages, d'interviews ou de discours. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustration - RGN2MF from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. That which he adopts is the ordinary one of observation, analysis and induction. This brought them within the sphere of reflection, and gave as their guarantee the impossibility of thinking them reversed; and led to their being regarded as wholly relative to human intelligence, restricted to the sphere of the phenomenal, incapable of revealing to us substantial reality—necessary, yet subjective. Jules Sandeau He was the founder of "eclecticism", a briefly influential school of French philosophy that combined elements of German idealism and Scottish Common Sense Realism. Il a traduit en français l'œuvre de Platon et il a édité également les œuvres de Proclus et de Descartes. « Je ne sais, Athéniens, quelle impression mes accusateurs ont faite sur vous. This is important as a preliminary stage, but philosophy properly begins when it attempts to coordinate or systematize those convictions in harmony, to conciliate apparent contradiction and opposition, as between the correlative notions of finite and infinite, the apparently conflicting notions of personality and infinitude, self and not-self; in a word, to reconcile the various sides of consciousness with each other. Read Rapport sur la bibliotheque victor cousin, adresse a m. le ministre de l'instruction publique book reviews & author details and more at Amazon.in. Victor Cousin and the Commonsense Tradition. The recognition of universal and necessary principles in knowledge is the essential point in psychology; it ought to be put first and emphasized to the last that these exist and that they are wholly impersonal or absolute. Of these " the positive alone is real, the negative is only an abstraction of the other, and in the highest generality even an abstraction of thought itself." 353-358) Paris : L’Harmattan.] [12], Again the pure being of Hegel is a mere abstraction, a hypothesis illegitimately assumed, which he has nowhere sought to vindicate. Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work. Victor Cousin O. W. Wight Marianna Cage. Il obtient le prix d'honneur au Concours général de 1810, ce qui lui permet d'être exempté du service militaire et admis de droit au Pensionnat normal. As philosophy is but the highest expression of humanity, these three moments will be represented in its history. François Andrieux He is free in an unlimited manner the purest spontaneity in man is but the shadow of the freedom of God. In theology, the dominant philosophical idea of each of these epochs results in pantheism, polytheism, theism. Explore books by Victor Cousin with our selection at Waterstones.com. 22. Prosper Mérimée That is to be found in a guiding and illumining reflective activity. In the order of acquisition of our knowledge, causality precedes substance, or rather both are given us in each other, and are contemporaneous in consciousness. CC0 Download. La formation classique reçue au lycée lui donne un goût vif pour la littérature. Lukes, Steven. Il fut également nommé à l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques en 1832 lors de sa réorganisation. 40. Son cours est suspendu à cause de ses idées libérales en 1821. This teacher, he tells us, "by the severity of his logic, the gravity and weight of his words, turned me by degrees, and not without resistance, from the beaten path of Condillac into the way which has since become so easy, but which was then painful and unfrequented, that of the Scottish philosophy. It may be asked, Can history have that which is not in the individual consciousness? We find ourselves in a strange world, between two orders of phenomena which do not belong to us, which we apprehend only on the condition of our distinguishing ourselves from them. History is as likely to reveal to us in the first place true and original elements, and combinations of elements in man, as a study of consciousness. Élu à l'Académie française en remplacement du baron Joseph Fourier le 18 novembre 1830, après avoir battu Benjamin Constant, il est reçu par l'abbé de Feletz le 5 mai 1831. Sa lettre m'a fait mal. [14], Cousin's doctrine of spontaneity in volition can hardly be said to be more successful than his impersonality of the reason through Volition spontaneous apperception. 28. [9], Cousin strongly insisted on the importance of method in philosophy. He seems to have gone further, and to have approached the extreme Left. How can you deny the reality of that which you do not know? Jules Dufaure In 1830 both schools descended into the arena of politics. A study of the few sentences under this head might have obviated the trifling criticism of Hamilton's objection which has been set afloat recently, that the denial of a knowledge of the absolute or infinite implies a foregone knowledge of it. Sous le Second Empire, Cousin se consacre exclusivement aux lettres, est nommé professeur honoraire à la Sorbonne en novembre 1855 et se retire à Cannes. 37. Il prend appui, pour sa méthode, sur la psychologie. », « Le style de M. Cousin a de la grandeur, il a la ligne ouverte et le dessin large. When Cousin thus set himself to vindicate those points by reflection, he gave up the obvious advantage of his other position that the realities in question are given us in immediate and spontaneous apprehension. Il fut nommé secrétaire perpétuel le 11 décembre 1834 et exerça une grande influence à l'Académie pendant près de cinquante ans. in-8) ainsi qu'à une traduction des œuvres complètes de Platon (1825-1840, 13 vol. Au milieu des inquiétudes morales qui travaillent aujourd’hui la société, elle présente un corps de doctrine qui unit le présent au passé, et nous garantit de l’avenir ». @prefix bnf-onto: . [D5/38 (100)] Lettre de Victor Cousin, ministre de l'Instruction publique, à Albin-Reine Roussin, président du Bureau des Longitudes, à Paris le 31 août 1840 / 1 double feuillet [144-145] Cousin, Victor, "Question d'histoire de philosophie", manuscrit autographe signé. On dit qu'il devient le « roi des philosophes » comme Louis-Philippe Ier devient le « roi des Français[12] ». Figure la plus marquante de cette première promotion, Victor Cousin, devenu ministre de l'Instruction publique, demande à architecte A. de Gisors les plans d'un édifice à la sobriété monacale: sur d'anciennes vignes du couvent des Ursulines, la nouvelle Ecole est achevée en 1847. In the order of nature, that of substance is the first and causality second. Pantheism is properly the deification of the law of phenomena, the universe God. Once applied to the facts at all, it would drive us beyond the first antecedent or term of antecedents of volition to a still further cause or ground—in fact, land us in an infinite regress of causes. 30. His action is not the result of a struggle between passion and virtue. Liberty or freedom is a generic term which means a cause or being endowed with self-activity. I thus reach an objective impersonal world of forces which corresponds to the variety of my sensations. He was familiar with the broad lines of most systems of philosophy. [14], Sir W. Hamilton (Discussions, p. 541), one of his most resolute opponents, described Cousin as "A profound and original thinker, a lucid and eloquent writer, a scholar equally at home in ancient and in modern learning, a philosopher superior to all prejudices of age or country, party or profession, and whose lofty eclecticism, seeking truth under every form of opinion, traces its unity even through the most hostile systems. @prefix dcterms: . La deuxième grande influence philosophique dans sa vie est l'enseignement de Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard. Félix Dupanloup art. Cousin a publié en outre de nombreux travaux rassemblés dans les différents volumes de Mélanges. Pierre Macherey, « Les Débuts philosophiques de Victor Cousin », Corpus, 1991, Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Académie des sciences morales et politiques, Académie américaine des arts et des sciences, Académie royale suédoise des belles-lettres, d'histoire et des antiquités, Membre de l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences, Cours inédit de philosophie en douze leçons, décembre 1819-février 1820, Défense de l'université et de la philosophie, Paris, Joubert, 1845, Thèses de doctorat ès lettres soutenues en France de 1808 à 1940, Répertoire international des sources musicales, Traduction des dialogues de Platon en ligne, Le Fonds Victor Cousin de la Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne, Papiers Victor Cousin, Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de la Sorbonne - Consultable en ligne sur NuBIS, Liste des directeurs de l'École normale supérieure, Ministre français de l’Instruction publique, François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Cousin&oldid=177149778, Ministre français de l'Instruction publique, Membre de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques, Membre de la Société de l'histoire de France, Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division 4), Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la musique, Page pointant vers des bases relatives aux beaux-arts, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la littérature, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la vie publique, Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Portail:France au XIXe siècle/Articles liés, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, Portail:Politique française/Articles liés, Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Politique, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, une collection d'ouvrages de philosophie du, une collection d'ouvrages relatifs à l'histoire du, une collection de manuscrits, d'estampes et de livres précieux du, Un prix Victor-Cousin, décerné par concours, est organisé depuis 1896 par l'. But it is open to objection, assuming that a particular analysis of consciousness has reached all the possible elements in humanity and in history, and all their combinations. [5], In 1828, de Vatimesnil, minister of public instruction in Martignac's ministry, recalled Cousin and Guizot to their professorial positions in the university. Thirdly, it is objected that in order to deduce the conditioned, Cousin makes his absolute a relative; for he makes it an absolute cause, i.e. In 1841 appeared his edition of the Œuvres philosophiques de Maine-de-Biran; in 1842, Leçons de philosophie sur Kant (Eng. 12. This cause is self-sufficient, and is sufficient for the reason. A. F. Villemain Lu pour Librivox par leyla. [4], He then took up the study of German, worked at Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, and sought to master the Philosophy of Nature of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, which at first greatly attracted him. The Nouveaux fragments were gathered together and republished in 1847. Victor Cousin, lettre à Hegel, du 1er août 1825 Le 10 septembre 1824, à titre tout à fait confidentiel, Franchet d'Esperey, directeur de la Police au ministère de l'Intérieur, écrit à M. le Ministre plénipotentiaire de Prusse à Paris : Camille Doucet In no single act of affirmation of cause or substance, much less in such a primitive act, do we affirm the universality of their application. V. Creator:Victor Cousin; Media in category "Victor Cousin" The following 13 files are in this category, out of 13 total. a cause existing absolutely under relation. Alfred de Falloux [6], Also during this period Cousin seems to have turned with fresh interest to those literary studies which he had abandoned for speculation under the influence of Laromiguière and Royer-Collard. Il déclare que la philosophie de Descartes, que le duc de Broglie considère appropriée pour l'université, n'est pas dangereuse, que le doute cartésien vise seulement à établir l'existence de l'âme et celle de Dieu tout comme Fénelon et Bossuet. M. Cousin avait alors trente-six ans. It is eclectic only in a secondary and subordinate sense. It was to the efforts of Cousin that France owed her advance, in relation to primary education, between 1830 and 1848. Victor Cousin Biographie. Madame de Staël avait écrit dans De l'Allemagne que « la nation allemande peut être considérée comme la nation métaphysique par excellence[2] ». This is the basis and the only proper basis of ontology or metaphysics, the science of being, and of the philosophy of history. 6. Secondly, the conditions of intelligence, which Cousin allows, necessarily exclude the possibility of knowledge of the absolute—they are held to be incompatible with its unity. From these flow naturally all the others. Documents sur Victor Cousin (1792-1867) (46 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) Livres (36) Victor Cousin (2016) Filosofia, storiografia e vita civile (2014) Les enjeux de l'histoire de la philosophie en France au XIXe siècle (2012) The philosophy of the infinite (2011) Victor Cousin (2009) Breve storia di un'ingratitudine (2009) La voix était sonore, d'un timbre qui n'était, ni trop grave, ni trop aigu ; elle n'avait rien de précipité, et elle n'était pas lente. He thus creates, and he creates necessarily. J. P. G. Viennet PARIS (V«) AU SIEGE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ PHILOMATHIQUE DE PARIS A LA SORBONNE I, RUE VICTOR-COUSIN, I IQ23. Later, in 1859, appeared Petri Abaelardi Opera. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lectures on the true, the beautiful and the good, by Victor Cousin This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Joubert, 1845 - Education - 410 pages. N°362. He insists that this is the true method of philosophy as applied to consciousness, in which alone the facts of experience appear. Laromiguière taught the philosophy of John Locke and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, happily modified on some points, with a clearness and grace which in appearance at least removed difficulties, and with a charm of spiritual bonhomie which penetrated and subdued. In fact, it is with him the function of philosophy to classify and explain universal convictions and beliefs; but common-sense is not with him philosophy, nor is it the instrument of philosophy; it is simply the material on which the philosophical method works, and in harmony with which its results must ultimately be found. (Paris: Levrault, 1824–1826), vol. En 1840, il devient finalement ministre de l’Instruction publique. To Laromiguière he attributes the lesson of decomposing thought, even though the reduction of it to sensation was inadequate. French idealist philosopher and politician. One sees in the Fragments very distinctly the fusion of the different philosophical influences by which his opinions were finally matured. Il défend une forme de spiritualisme qu'il considère comme un rationalisme distingué à la fois de l'empirisme et du mysticisme. Confronting the various systems co-ordinated as sensualism, idealism, skepticism, mysticism, with the facts of consciousness, the chasm result was reached " that each system expresses an order of phenomena and ideas, which is in truth very real, but which is not alone in consciousness, and which at the same time holds an almost exclusive place in the system; whence it follows that each system is not false but incomplete, and that in re-uniting all incomplete systems, we should have a complete philosophy, adequate to the totality of consciousness." Jean-Louis Laya As the administrator of public instruction for over a decade, Cousin also had an important influence on French educational policy. François Guizot. The number of these principles, their enumeration and classification, is an important point, but it is secondary to that of the recognition of their true nature. ». 28. Bachelier à quatorze ans, il est agrégé de lettres à 21 ans. an object or notion with qualities contradictory of the organized; but the mere sublation of the organized does not posit it, or suppose that it is known beforehand, or that anything exists corresponding to it. Click and Collect from your local Waterstones or get FREE UK delivery on orders over £25. La meilleure citation de Victor Cousin préférée des internautes. Per la seva oposició a Pétain, fou detingut el 1942 i alliberat el 1944, per a ser després deportat a Alemanya. Il était dans toute sa virilité. According to Cousin, there are but two primary laws of thought, that of causality and that of substance. The sensational school quite naturally produced the demagogic party, and the theological school became quite as naturally absolutism, safe to borrow from time to time the mask of the demagogue in order the better to reach its ends, as in philosophy it is by scepticism that it undertakes to restore theocracy. Victor Cousin est un philosophe et homme politique français, né le 28 novembre 1792 à Paris et mort le 14 janvier 1867 à Cannes. And further, the principle of causality, if fairly carried out, as universal and necessary, would not allow us to stop at personality or will as the ultimate cause of its effect—volition. From the lycée he graduated to the most prestigious of higher education schools, École Normale Supérieure (as it is now called), where Pierre Laromiguière was then lecturing on philosophy. They are developments in a natural order of sequence. 7. [13], The truth is that Cousin's doctrine of the spontaneous apperception of impersonal truth amounts to little more than a presentment in philosophical language of the ordinary convictions and beliefs of mankind. Cousin made no reply to Hamilton's criticism beyond alleging that Hamilton's doctrine necessarily restricted human knowledge and certainty to psychology and logic, and destroyed metaphysics by introducing nescience and uncertainty into its highest sphere, theodicy. The will alone is the person or Me. 20. no. Alphonse de Lamartine F. R. de Chateaubriand For Cousin was as eclectic in thought and habit of mind as he was in philosophical principle and system. Il y expose sa méthode de l'éclectisme qui consiste à étudier les différents systèmes de l'histoire de la philosophie et à les juger et pour en distinguer les éléments de vrai et de faux et parvenir à un système valable du point de vue d'une raison impersonnelle. The taste for philosophy—especially its history—was revived in France to an extent unknown since the 17th century. Rapport Adress Son Exc.le Ministre D' tat Au Nom De La Commission Institu e Le 22 Avril 1861... book. Pierre Baour-Lormian C'est à cette période que se rapporte ce témoignage de Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire[10] : « La personne de l'orateur devait contribuer à la magie qu'il exerçait. Victor Cousin was a French philosopher. A. V. Arnault The sudden and unpremeditated wish represented by the former is wholly inferior in character to the free choice of the latter, guided and illumined by intelligence. Further, we apprehend by means of a light which does not come from ourselves. [4], These men strongly influenced Cousin's philosophical thought. Fait au palais des Tuileries, le 17 juin i865. On the other hand, he who combated any exclusive principle in science was bound to reject also any exclusive principle in the state, and to defend representative government. 34. [12], The attempt to render the laws of reason or thought impersonal by professing to find them in the sphere of spontaneous apperception, and above reflective necessity, is unsuccessful. [14], It was the tendency of the philosophy of Cousin to outline things and to fill up the details in an artistic and imaginative interest. He sympathized with the principle of faith of Jacobi, but regarded it as arbitrary so long as it was not recognized as grounded in reason. In the summer of 1831, commissioned by the government, he visited Frankfurt and Saxony, and spent some time in Berlin.